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CHRISTIAN MISSIONS 
CROGRKAPHY 


CHRISTIAN MISSIONS GEOGRAPHY. 


PREFACE. 


HE Christian Missions Geography is designed for Students 

ie of Mission Work, who desire something more than ordinary 

outline maps showing the location of stations. ‘The Geog- 

raphy is intended to show the relation of stations to the fields 

where they are located, especially to the larger towns and villages 

and routes of travel, including sufficient topography to distinguish 
mountains from rolling country or plains. 

The descriptive matter relating to India, being the first of the 
series, will indicate the general plan‘to. be followed with other coun- 
tries.. While inchiding a special description of the stations of the 
Presbyterian Church in the U.S, A., the basis of the description is 
so arranged that sectional maps with description of the fields and 
stations of the missions of any other church can be added as desired, 
Thus the Christian Missions Geography can grow into a comprehensive 
survey of the mission fields. with sectional maps descriptive of S| 
operations of each of the societies, 

The outline map of India on page 10; with the lst of societies 
with their stations in each division as noted on pages 11 and 12, is a 
distinet contribution to missionary literature and the simplest method 
of showing the relative strength and concentration of the different 
societies, 

Map of INDIA (Lodiana and Furrukhabad Missions) with gen- 
eral description, 10 cents. 

Corrections and suggestions as to matter and form will be ‘highly 
appreciated by the Editor. 


Portiolio of Maps of the Foreign Mission Fields of the Presbyterian 
Church. Containing Twelve Maps (ten engraved by Barthol- 
omew, Hdinburgh), Japan, Korea, and North China, Central 
China, South China, Siam and Laos Missions, India Missions, 
Persia, Syria and Africa Missions, Mexico, and South America 
Missions. These are the finest series of maps issued by any 
Missionary Society.. Portfolio and Twelve Maps, 50 cents. 


) cents additional for each deseriptive paper when issued. 


India. 
GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 


Area, 1,800,258 square miles. Population, 287,223,431. 


India comprises one-thirty-third of the land area and contains one- 
fifth of the population of the world. Extending through 29 degrees of 
latitude and 36 of longitude, its extreme length north and south is 
1,900 miles; its greatest breadth east and west is also 1,900 miles. It 
forms the central peninsula of Southern Asia and is shut off from the 
rest of the continent by a vast mountain region. There is room within 
its borders for all the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 
This territory may be divided into three separate and well-defined tracts: 


I. Himalayas.—The first of these regions, the ‘‘Abode of Snow,” with a 
varying width of from 180 to 220 miles, stretches in a continuous curve for about 
1,500 miles. and is the highest mountain system of the world. Its entire area 
maintains a mean elevation of from 17,000 to 19,000 feet. Mt. Everest reaches 
29,000 feet, and forty other peaks are known to exceed 24,000 feet. The Himalayas, 
thus standing as arampart to the northern frontier, their summits crowned with 
eternal snow, form a boundless reservoir for the steady supply of the Indian rivers. 
The wooded foothills at their base, 7,000 to 10,000 feet in height, are the region of 
greatest recorded rainfall on earth—120 inches to 523 inches per annum—80 inches 
in Assam having fallen in one day. 


Il. Northern Plains.—Extending from the Indus to Burma, at the foot of 
the Himalayas. are watered by three distinct river systems and contain three-fifths 
of the whole population of India. 


The Indus, 1,800,miles in length, drains a basin of 372,700 square miles into 
Arabian Sea. On account of its great breadth, the ancients called it the Ocean. 


The Brahmaputra drains Bengal and Assam, and is navigable for about 800 
miles. Every kind of craft is seen upon its broad surface. 


The Ganges.—Of all the great rivers on earth, none can compare in sanctity 
with the Ganges; her banks are holy; to bathe in her waters at the great annual 
festivals washes away sin, Until the railways were constructed, the Ganges formed 
the channel of traffic between the interior and the coast at Calcutta. 


Throughout the river plains, two, and in some provinces three harvests are 
gathered annually. 


These plains, the seat of earliest civilization, have been the theatre of the race 
problems of Indian history. 


Ill. Sonthern India, including the Deccan—the southern central plateau,— 
is triangular in form and covers the whole country south of the Vindhyas, the 
Eastern and Western Ghats forming the coast boundaries. The rivers of this region, 
though mighty torrents in the rainy season, dwindle at other times to small streams 
The greatest mineral wealth of the Empire is found in this section. Christian mis- 
sions have been longer established here than elsewhere. Probably twice the num- 
ber of years of missionary labor and double the amount of money have been 
expended on the Southern third as have been given to the Northern two-thirds 
of India, with the result of a more established Christian community. 


The History of India is a succession of conquests. How long the Aryan or 
Hindu conquerors were left undisturbed history does not tell us, but we know that 
the Persians, under Darius, and the Greeks, under Alexander, forced their way 
into India before the Christian era. From the seventh to the sixteenth centuries 
India was invaded by the Mohammedans, under the Caliphs of Bagdad and their 
fanatic Arabs. Tamarlane proclaimed himself Tartar Emperor in 1397. He and 
his successors destroyed the temples and converted the inhabitants to Islam. His 


1 


2614 


descendant, Babar, became the first Mogul in 1526. The reign of Abkar, the con- 
temporary of Queen Elizabeth, and his three successors, was the period of India’s 
greatest splendor. The temples, mosques and tombs of exquisite beauty, dating 
from this period, are not surpassed in any age or country. 

Internal strife and invasions from Central Asia and Persia weakened the 
Empire, which finally was overthrown in 1857, and the Mogul banished to Burma. 
This result was aided largely by the Marathis. a low-caste race dwelling in Central 
India, who were overcome by the British in 1818, after three great wars. 


The Portuguese. in 1498, were the first Europeans to establish trade with 
India, monopoly of which they enjoyed for more than a century. 


The Duteh East India Company was formed in 1602 and remained master of 
the Eastern Seas until 1757, when it surrendered to the English under Lord Clive. 


The Danes possessed little power, but their settlements, established in 1616, are 
immortal in missionary annals. 


The French began to gain power in India in 1668 and for a century made heroic 
efforts to found an Indian empire. This power was crushed in 1760-61 and France 
holds to-day only 178 square miles. 


The East India Company, which was to win India for England, received its 
original charter from Queen Elizabeth on the last day of the year 1600. Under 
British rule, which began in 1757 and was fully established in 1857, peace has taken 
the place of former internal conflicts, crime has greatly diminished, infanticide, 
the burning of widows, thuggee, slavery, torture and many other barbarous cus- 
toms have been abolished. Domestic arts have been encouraged; sanitary measures 
have been adopted and education has made rapid strides. The construction of 
railways and other public works, including irrigating canals covering vast districts, 
have increased productiveness and interchange of commodities. 


The British Possessions are included in twelve provinces, covering an area of 
1.157,693 square miles. with a population of 221,438,370. Each province has its 
own Governor, subject to the supreme government of India, which consists of a 
Governor-General, or Viceroy, assisted by a Council of six. The Viceroy is 
appointed by the Queen of England; so also are the Governors of Madras and 
Bombay. The heads of the other provinces are nominated by the Viceroy. 


The Native States, 153 in number, are governed by native princes, British 
officials appointed by the Viceroy, termed Residents, acting as advisors. The 
authority of the native States is limited by treaties in which they acknowledge 
their ‘‘ subordinate independence” to the British Government. 

Internal communication is being rapidly developed, and is making India 
equal in this respect to other civilized countries. In 1895 there were 21,855 miles 
of railroad. In 1891 18,000 miles of canals for navigation and irrigation had been 
constructed, to which the Government is constantly adding. Before India came 
under British rule there were scarcely any roads, now 50,000 miles of macadamized 
roads bring allthe great cities into direct communication. There were in 1892 
30,000 miles of telegraph and the country is connected by cable with the Western 
world. 


Cities and Towns.—One remarkable feature of India is the small 
number of cities or towns of large size. Those having 100,000 inhabi- 
tants and over number only twenty-eight. They are: 


Bombay . : : : ; 821,764 Poona : : : . 161.890 
Calcutta . : : , . 741,144 Jaipur . : d : : 158,905 
Madras . ; : 5 : 452,518 Ahmedabad : : : > 14343 
Haidarabad : : : . 415.089 Amritsar F , , : 136, 766 
Lucknow 4 : : : 273,028  Bareli. A , é : . 1215089 
Benares : | ee. AG ie eer ui ; ; ‘ . 119,390 
Delhi : : ‘ ; : 192,579 Srinagar . ; : ; ., 118,960 
Mandalay . 2 : ; . 188,815 Nagptr . F : d ; 117,014 
Cawnpore ; ; ; . 188,712 Howrah . : : : . 116.606 
Bangalore . : A : . 180,366 Baroda . 5 f . 2 116.420 
Rangoon 3 ‘ ; : 180,324 Surat. : : : : > l09e229 
Lahore : ‘ ' : 5 in@ishyh  ikeyeacint: - j . : : 105,199 
Allahabad ; : 3 : 175,246 Gwalior . ; ‘ ' . 104,088 
Agra . : : ; : . 168,662 —— 
ieehmeh ‘ : ; ; 165,192 Oval : : ~ el 83s 28 


Towns.—Out of a total of 2,035 towns 227 have a population of 
over 20,000, 407 have between 10,000 and 20,000, and 1,401 have less 
than 10,000. 


Villages.—There are in India 713,925 villages, 
259,834,813 people—nine-tenths of India’s whole population. Each of 
these villages is a miniature republic, presided over by a ‘‘ head 
inhabitant, * aided by a clerk and council of five. There are also the 
village priest, the schoolmaster, watchman and many other function- 
aries. Each village is self-sufficient and has little to do with other 
villages or the central government. The houses of the poor are usually 
about twelve feet square and one story. They are constructed upon a 
raised floor of hardened earth with walls of matting, wattles or 
moistened earth. The roof is of reeds, grass or palmyra leaves, fastened 
to rafters of bamboo or jungle wood. <A low, narrow door gives light 
to the household, and windows may be entirely lacking or very small. 
The furnishings are very simple and meagre. The well-to-do have 
houses of adobe surmounted by tile roofs. 


Probably three-fourths of the population live by agriculture. The 
following table shows the percentage of the main village industries : 


containing 


Per cent. Per cent. 
Landholders and tenants . 52.98 Leather workers 1.14 
Agricultural laborers 6.50 Scavengers 40 
General laborers : 8.87 Priests 60 
Graziers, shepherds and wool- Mendicants 1.95 
workers . : : . 1.45 Milk sellers 30 
Cotton workers . 3.07 Grain and pulse dealers 1.10 
Goldsmiths .62  Shopkeepers : .88 
Blacksmiths .55 Money lenders 34 
Brass and coppersmiths .14 Grocers 7 
Carpenters 3 1.06 Tailors . : 42 
Masons . .36 Piece goods dealers ‘ .32 
Barbers .90 Toddy drawers 00 
Washermen . .72 Cane workers 50 
Fishermen . .95 Grass and firewood sellers . AT 
Oil pressers .69 Others ; 9,69 
Potters 82 
Village servants 1.07 Total . 100.00 


Languages.— 


due chiefly to the diversity of race. 
the signal for thrusting a new language upon the country. 


There are 100 languages and fifty dialects spoken, 
Every great invasion has been 


These 


languages may be divided into three groups, the Aryan, Dravidian, 


Kolarian. 


The original Aryan, from which all Indo-European tongues sprang, 


has perished. 


It developed into Sanskrit, the old classical language of 


government and higher education, now a dead language. The most 
important of the Aryan languages are: 

LANGUAGE. WHERE SPOKEN. POPULATION. 
Bengali Lower Bengal . 41,000,000 
Uriya Orissa : 9,000,000 
Assamese . Valley of Assam 1,500,000 
Hindustani or Urdu. 

and Hindi N. W. Provinces, Rajputana and Punjab 85,500,000 
Marathi Bombay and Deccan 18,750,000 
Gujerati Gugerat, Commercial language throughout 

Western India . P 10,500,000 
Sindi Sind : 2,500,000 
Punjabi Punjab 17,750,000 
Pushtu British Afghanistan 1,000,000 
Kashmiri . Valley of Kashmir . 29,000 


central problem of British imperialism, it will be interesting to enquire into 
Britain’s war aims in the light of her doings in India. The immediate 
question to India is whether there is any difference between the Allies 
and the Axis powers so far as her freedom is concerned. 


Some facts about India 


Out of every five persons in the world one is an Indian. 400 million 
peoples inhabit a vast subcontinent which stretches nearly 2,000 miles 
from north to south and about 1,800 miles from east to west (excluding 
Burma), with an area equal to that of the whole of Europe, excluding 
Russia. India with an area three fifths that of the United States has a 
population almost three times as large—that is roughly one fifth of the 
human race. Two thirds of this population consist of Hindus, and a 
fifth of the total population are Muslims. 

Britsh India, or that India which is directly under the rule of the 
Viceroy, comprises two thirds of the country’s area and three quarters of 
its population. This area is divided into eleven provinces, each under a 
British governor. The Indian States ruled by the Indian princes or Ma- 
harajas under British direction cover more than a third of the total area, 
and their population falls only a little short of a quarter of the total 
population. There are British Residents, political advisers to the native 
princes, in almost every one of the 562 of these native states. 

India is ruled by a mere handful of Englishmen, 8,000 in all, in 
the higher imperial services of the administration. But the total number 
of Englishmen that the Indian taxpayer supports, directly or indirectly, 
is nearly 300,000. Behind them, as the all too visible symbol of physical 
force, is the British garrison of 80,000 soldiers, including British military 
officers for the control of the Indian army of 725,000 men who are 
mostly in the lower ranks. 

Three and half centuries ago, British rule in India began almost with 
the founding of the East India Company in the last years of Queen Eliza- 
beth’s reign. And after the first War of Independence, officially called 
the Indian Mutiny of 1857, India came under the direct rule of the 
crown during Queen Victoria’s reign. And to-day the British contend that 
their rule has brought a backward, semi-barbaric Asiatic people the fruits 
of enlightenment, culture, education, and western civilization. 

But in fact the story of the British rule is the story of the shattering 
of the village Indian economy, destruction of her handicrafts and cot- 
tage industries and robbing of her economic self-sufficiency. Previously, 
weaving and spinning and countless other useful occupations had been 
carried on by each family in India, but the British by levying fines were 


4 


able to destroy this self-sufficient economy and replace it with nothing 
but dependence on British manufactures. 


India is a land of vast potential resources. She possesses large re- 
serves of coal estimated at 36 billions of tons. Her iron ore deposits are 
also large, estimated at 3 billion tons as against the 254 million tons of 
Great Britain and the 1,374 million tons of Germany. She has the second 
largest manganese resources in the world. As for her water power she is 
second only to the U.S.A. in her potential resources, Despite all this latent 
wealth India has been made to remain backward in her industrial devel- 
opment to serve as a source of raw material for English factories, a market 
for British industrial products, and a field for her capital investment. 


Without going into the comparatively prosperous days of pre- 
British rule in India, let us note some of the present day blessings of 
British domination. India pays Great Britain $600,000,000 annually for 
what are called Home Charges which include salaries, pensions, trav- 
elling allowances, holidays, interests and dividends, for the trouble the 
British undergo in ruling India. 

Britain’s total capital investment in India approximates $7,800,- 
0000,000 which yields annually a profit of a little less than $900,000,000! 
The interest that is collected annually on the Indian National Debt, 
which was incurred by the British in conquering and subjugating the 
country is $1,364,000,000. Britain checks any large scale industrialization 
of India by a score of ingenious methods for the simple reason that she 
wants India’s raw materials only to sell them back as. manufactured 
commodities, reaping tremendous profits in the process, The result is 
that there are only 5,000,000 poorly organized urban workers scattered 
all over the 2,400 small and big cities of India. These workers—men and 
women, skilled and unskilled—earn, when they are in employment, be- 
tween eight and fourteen cents a day! 24 per cent of these workers live 
in one-room tenements! 

Industrial workers in the strict sense of the term, working in the 
organized industries, still number only 1.6 millions or less than 1% per 
cent of the total population. 

There are at least 40 million landless semi-skilled workers—rather 
artisans—unemployed for ten months in the year. 

The lot of the peasants and agricultural workers is still worse. The 
peasantry form 74 per cent of the population and live in India’s 740,000 
villages. The average annual income of an agriculturist is roughly $15— 
less than 5 cents a day! He and his family have to live on this income, 
and he therefore borrows money from the local. money lender at the 
rate of from 22 to 160 per cent interest. Then he has to pay taxes to 
local or private landlords, to the provincial or state government as well 
as taxes on water wells, cattle, grazing lands, forests, with the result that 
the total agricultural rural indebtedness to-day amounts to $2,800,000,- 
000. With these hereditary debts to the Government, the landlord, and 


5 


and Christian Churches established. Mohammedan conquests in the seventh cen- 
tury interposed a barrier between India and the outside world, the Church lost its 
power and vitality, and few new converts were made. There are 350,000 Syrian 
Christians in India to-day, including those Romanists who use the Syrian language 
in the services of the Church. 


The opportunity offered by Portuguese intercourse with India was seized by 
the Pope and missionaries were speedily sent to its coasts. In many places Indian 
Christians submitted to the yoke of Rome. In 1541 Francis Xavier landed at Goa. 
His work in India lasted for three years, during which time he baptized many 
thousands of persons. His fiery zeal and untiring efforts, as he sought to win the 
Hindus, are an inspiration to the missionary of to-day. 


Romanism being in possession of the field before Protestantism and antago- 
nizing heathenism less, its adherents outnumber Protestant Christians almost two 
to one. The main body of its followers are found in Madras and its neighborhood. 
It is also meeting with great success in recent years in Bengal. It is doing much 
for India notwithstanding some of its methods and doctrines. 


The history of religion in India is a melancholy one. Various systems given 
the people by their great leaders or conquerors have proved worthless and deceitful. 
After centuries of tyranny and misery ‘* Hinduism is sick unto death.” Christian- 
ity is the only hope for India. Appealing directly to the heart, it offers comfort, 
peace, a remedy for the evils of life, salvation and a happy existence after death. 
These blessings, though sought after with many tortures and much suffering by 
Hindu devotees, are never found outside of the Gospel. 


Protestant Missions.—tThe first Protestant missionaries to India were 
sent by Frederick IV. of Denmark. In 1750 Ziegenbalg and Pliitschau arrived in 
Tranquebar, where they accomplished a great work. After their death other 
Danish missionaries carried on the work until 1826. 


British missions in India began with William Carey. By his efforts in England 
he not only influenced the Baptists to establish the first English Foreign Missionary 
Society, but he aroused enthusiasm in other denominations also. Arriving in 
Calcutta in 1793 he labored there a few years quietly preparing the way for 
Christian teaching, but owing to the bitter opposition at that time to missionary 
efforts on British soil he was forced to take refuge in the Danish territory of 
Serampore, which became a great missionary and literary centre. He translated 
the Bible wholly or in part into twenty-four languages or dialects, also prepared 
numerous grammars and dictionaries in different dialects. : 

In 1812 the American Board sent out Adoniram Judson, Gordon Hall, Samuel 
Nott and others. As the British East India Company forbade missionary efforts in 
Calcutta, Judson went to Burma, where many years of glorious work awaited him. 
Gordon Hall and Samuel Nott were driven to Bombay, where they established the 
first Indian Mission of the American Board. 

The first missionaries of the American Presbyterian Church were John C. 
Lowrie and William Reed. They arrived at Calcutta November, 1833, and two 
years later began the mission in the Punjab, then largely under the rule of native 
princes. Dr. Lowrie was cordially welcomed by the British officials at the city of 
Ludhiana, governed by the East India Company, where he located the first station. 
He was joined in another year by James Wilson and John Newton and their wives. 


Religious Census, 1891.—Out of a thousand natives selected 
from the different religions in their due proportion, 723 would be Hindu, 
199 Mohammedan, 24 Buddhist, 6 Sikh, 8 Christian, the remaining 
40 pagans. The totals are as follows: 


Hindus ; ; é . 207,728,676 Sikhs . : F ; . 1,907,833 
Mohammedan . : ; 57,321,164 Jains ; ; ; ; 1,416,688 
Aboriginals . ; : : 9,280,467  Parsis . : ; : : 89,904 
Buddhists (Burma) . 3 7,131,861 Jews : ; i 4 17,194 
Christians (Prot.) 559,661 Brahmas . : ; 3 3,051 
cs (other) 1,724,719 Miscellaneous . , j 42,7638 
— 2,284,380 —— 
Total. : : . 287,228,481 


Christian Education.—From earliest times schools have existed 
for the high-class Brahmans and a privileged few, but modern educa- 
tional development with schools open to all classes is largely the result 
of Christian missions. As communities become more Christianized 


6 


and educated, they are freed from the power of superstition; grow 
more independent and progress steadily toward self-support. 

Previous to the arrival of Alexander Duff in Calcutta in 1830, 
Christian education had been mainly carried on in the vernacular. Dr. 
Duff with all his vigor entered energetically into extensive educational 
reforms. ‘Taking advantage of the desire on the part of the natives 
for a knowledge of English, and convinced that the Hindu mind, if 
well educated in Szience, History and Philosophy, must refuse to believe 
the principles of Hinduism, he established the Mission College at Cal- 
cutta on a broad educational basis. In spite of many discouraging 
predictions, the result was satisfactory and the College soon numbered 
a thousand students. 

The aim of the many Christian High Schools and Colleges from that time has 
been to reach the higher and middle classes by offering them a thorough education in 
Science, Literature and Christianity through the English language. Large numbers 
of high caste boys attend these schools and are brought under direct Christian 
influences Many of them openly accept Christianity instead of being imbued 


with Rationalism, which is taking the place of Hinduism among the educated 
classes. Fully an equal number are secret believers. 


GOVERNMENT SYSTEM OF EXAMINATIONS AND GRANTS-IN-AID. 


Universities at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay and the Punjab have been incorpo- 
rated by Government on the same plan as the University of London. These Uni- 
versities are merely examining bodies for the purpose of conferring degrees in Arts, 
Law, Medisine and Civil Engineering. Though not themselves places of instruc- 
tion, they determine in a very high degree the course of study in the Colleges. 
The entrance examination for matriculation is open to all; but when that is passed, 
candidates for higher stages must enroll themselves in one of the affiliated 
Colleges. 

Colleges may be divided into those having full course in Arts for B.A. degree, 
and those having a special course in Law, Medicine and Engineering. They may 
also be classified as Colleges entirely supported by Government and Colleges receiv- 
ing only grants-in aid. The latter class comprises the Mission Colleges. In 1891 
there were in round numbers 100 Colleges and 500 High Schools connected with 
the four Universities. 

High Schools are those in which English is taught and used as the medium of 
instruction. They educate up to the standard of the entrance examination at the 
Universities. 

Middle Schools are intermediate between the higher and primary schools. 
Some of them teach English, others only the vernacular. 

Primary Schools are dotted over the whole country and the teaching is wholly 
in the vernacular. 

Institutions wholly supported by Government do not teach the Bible. The 
Grant-in-aid system, however, is a compensation, in part, for the secular instruction 
given in the various Christian Schools and Colleges. Mission schools of every grade 
are reckoned among the best in India. 


Zenana Missions.—The way for the present great work among 
the women and girls of the zenanas was prepared by Miss Cooke, who 
reached Calcutta in 1822. The zenana is that part of the Oriental 
house occupied by the women. The man appropriates for himself the 
front and more exposed rooms, and usually the finer furnishings of the 
establishment are to be found in his apartments. The women’s quarters 
are often bare and shabbily furnished. In these secluded places the 
Women are imprisoned, only venturing forth in a closed palanquin or 
under a heavy veil. 

Systematic visitation of these zenanas by Christian women and 
their trained native helpers was early recognized as a distinct depart- 
ment of missionary effort. The Christianizing of the women of India 
and the reconstruction of the family according to Christian ideals must 
be accomplished before the Christian church can be firmly established. 
There are 50,000 zenanas now open to the missionary worker. 


7 


The Practice of Medicine reached its highest perfection in India 
during the Buddhist period (250 B.c. to 600 A.D.). Each city had its 
public hospital, established by Buddhist princes, where numerous 
patients were received for purposes of study and treatment. The 
ancient Hindus had acquired a considerable knowledge of anatomy 
and understood the medicinal uses of a great variety of drugs. Many 
of these have since been adopted by European physicians. Their 
surgery was bold and skillful, and they did not hesitate to perform 
most critical operations. When Buddhism was supplanted by modern 
Hinduism (1000 A.p.) and the caste system became more rigid, these 
hospitals were abolished. This proved a great blow to the medical 
art, which continued to decline until it is now in the hands of village 
hakims, who make use of spells, incantations, fasts and quackery and 
whose practices are often characterized by extreme cruelty. 

The Roman Catholic missionaries of the 16th and 17th Centuries 
used medicine largely as an aid to mission work. 

Modern medical missions, which are a distinct and important 
feature of mission work, have been established not alone for the 
purpose of healing diseased and suffering bodies, but as a special 
means’ for overcoming prejudice, softening bigotry and thus gaining 
an entrance for Christianity into hearts and homes of many heathen 
and otherwise exclusive communities. Through the ministrations of 
the Christian physician, the doors of hovel and palace are opened and 
access gained to the imprisoned inmates of the zenanas. 

In the many hospitals and dispensaries in active operation through- 
out India, the Scriptures are read daily, the Gospel preached, and the 
truth explained as simply and clearly as possible. Year by year 
thousands of men, women and children of all castes and creeds listen 
to the gospel message who would in all probability, without these 
means, never hear it. 

The first medical missionary to India was John Thomas, a British 
surgeon, whose zeal for the conversion of the people brought him in 
1783 in contact with William Carey, with whom he labored for many 
years. 

The first medical missionary from the United States was Dr. John 
Scudder, sent by the American Board in 1819. 

Dr. Alexander Duffs’ educational system was the real foundation 
of modern medical practice among Hindus. 

The need of this department of work began to be realized in 
Christian countries about 1879 and medical mission societies were 
formed in Great Britain and America. Their need is now universally 
recognized. 

The Presbyterian Board supports hospitals and dispensaries at 
Ambala, Firozpur, Sabathu, Allahabad, Miraj. Separate dispensaries 
are carried on at Lahore, Saharanpur, Ratnagiri. At Sabathu a leper 
asylum is maintained in connection with other societies. 


The Presbyterian Church in the U.S. A. has three missions in 
India—the Lodiana, Farukhabad and Western India Missions. 

The Lodiana Mission in the Punjab was begun in 1834 with 
the approbation of the highest authorities, especially Sir Henry and 
Sir John Lawrence, by Messrs. Newton and Forman. 

The Farukhabad Mission in the Northwest Provinces and includ- 
ing the native States of Gwalior and Bundelkhand, was started at 


Allahabad in 1836 under Rev. James McEwen. 


The Mission Press, 


under the care of native Christians, has long been a power for good in 
distributing and extending the Gospel to all that part of India. 


STATIONS. 


Allahabad, 1836. Population, 175,246; strong- 
hold of Hinduism; capital Northwest Proy- 
inces; sacred city, with great annual ‘‘ mela” 
or gathering for religious purposes; junction 
Ganges and Jumna, two sacred rivers; 500 miles 
from Calcutta; Great Central Railway station; 
Library, Government College, Dufferin Hos- 
pital; press under management of native Chris- 
tians. 

Ambala, 1849. Population, 25,000; cantonment, 
25,000; population district, 1,000,000; one-third 
Mohammedan, two-thirds Hindu; centre of great 
military district; climate dry, healthy. 

Dehra, 1853. Population, 19,000, chiefly Hindu; 
population district, 144,000; 2,300 feet above sea; 
situated on the foot ‘‘ Hills’ to the Himalayas, 
one of the most beautiful placesin India; ‘*The 
Hills’ vary in altitude between 6,000 and 10,000 
feet; famous Sikh shrine, visited annually by 
thousands; military cantonment; large tea dis- 
trict. 

Etawa, 1863. Population, 35.000; Hindu, two- 
thirds; Mohammedans, one-third; 30 miles from 
Mainpuri railway; population district, 700,000; 
town picturesquely built on a series of ravines; 
fine trees; an ancient city, it afforded rich plun- 
der to the Mohammedans; ancient temples and 
shrines. 

Fatehgarh—Farukhabad, 1844, Population, 
78.000; population district, 950,000: first. the 
civil station; the latter the native city; chiefly 
Hindus; mission suffered greatly during mu- 
tiny. 

Fatehpur, 1853. Population district, 750,000. 


Firozpur, 1882 Population Hindu and Moham- 
medan; in finest wheat district, 50 miles south- 
east of Lodiana; centre of populous district. 


Hoshiarpur, 1867. Population, 20,000; popu- 
lation district, 900,000, of which 550,000 are 
Hindus, 296,000 Mohammedans, 59.000 Sikhs: 
noted as the home of Sikhism; under care of 
Rey. K. C. Chatterjee, a student and convert of 
Dr. Duff. Guru Goyind Singh, the founder of 
the Sikh religion, was born and brought up here, 
and administered his first baptism of the sword 
to his disciples in Anundpur Makhowal, a town 
in this district. His descendants still live in this 
place, and a religious fair attended by upwards 
of 70,000 people is held here every year in honor 
of this event. Rey. Levi Janvier waz killed at 
H. by a fanatical Sikh while delivering the mes- 
sage of God's love at one of the annual fairs. 

Jahnsi, 1886. Population, 52,000; 250 miles from 
Allahabad; geographical centre of India; rail- 
way centre; important military cantonment; 
strong ancient forts onthe hills about the city, 


also innumerable tanks for irrigation, some very 
ancient; walled town strongly fortified: climate 
intensely hot, 

Jalandhar, 1847. Population, 66,450; area dis- 
trict, 1,312 square miles; is 50 miles east of 
Amritsar; population, 152,000, occupied by the 
C. M.8.; the most wealthy and populous city in 
the Punjab; the sacred city of the Sikhs; Golden 
Temple containing the Grauth or Sikh Bible; 
manufactures fine rugs, carpets and shawls, 
choice iyory carving; in Jalandhar the popula- 
tion is about equally distributed between Mo- 
hammedans and Hindus; civil and military sta- 
tion; has a conspicuous place in ancient history. 


Lahore, 1849. Capital Punjab; population. 176,- 
854; railway centre; city 3.000 years old; its im- 
portance and wonderful architecture date from 
the Mogul Empire; there are fine old mosques and 
an ancient fort containing a palace of great splen- 
dor and a mosque of wonderful proportions; the 
old city is surrounded by dull brick wall with 13 
gates; the new city is laid out with broad streets 
and avenues, with many handsome public build- 
ings, residences and shops; little: commercial 
activity; the Punjab University, Oriental Col- 
lege, Government College, Central Training Col- 
lege, Medical School, Law School, High School, 
Mayo Hospital, Forman Christian College, Mid 
dle School for Boys, Anglo Vernacular, Lady 
Dufferin Christian Girls’ High School, 

Lodiana, 1834, Population 50,000, principally 
Mohammedan; great central grain market; 
manufactures fine Ranepur wool shawls, cotton 
cloth, turbans, etc.; climate semi-tropical. 

Mainpuri, 1843. Forty miles from railway west 
of Fatehgarh; population district, 806,000; popu- 
lation, 30,000. 

Morar—Gwalior, 1874. Morar cantonment ; 
population district, 3,250,000 ; railway station, 4 
miles from the Maharajah’s palace; native state 
of Gwalior was loyal to Britain in 1857; mission 
work under Mrs. Joseph Warren for 30 years; 
near the most picturesque old forts and Jain 
and Hindu temples in India. 

Sabathu, 1836, Native population, 2,000; alti- 
tude, 4,000 feet; favorably situated on the 
“Hills? for work among the Hill tribes; distant 
north from Ambala, 45 miles; southwest from 
Simla, 12 miles. 

Saharanpur, 1836. Population, city and can- 
tonment, 78,522; remarkable for the variety and 
luxuriance of its foliage; a few handsome tombs, 

Woodstock, 1874. Fifteen miles east of Dehra; 
in the ‘‘ Hills,” 6.000 feet above sea level. School 
for daughters of missionaries, Eurasians and 
native Christian girls, 


The Western India Mission was opened in 1852 at Kolhapur by 
Rev. R. G. Wilder and Mrs. Wilder, under the American Board. The 
work was transferred to the Presbyterian Board in 1872. 


Kolhapur, 1852. Population, 45,000; population 
district, 800,000, mainly high caste Hindus; 250 
miles from Bombay; sacred city; esteemed for 
antiquity of its temples; city very ancient, dat- 
ing back before the Christian era; city sur- 
rounded by a strong, high wall; several Bud- 
dhist caves and many shrines and temples; rail- 
way. 


Miraj, 1892. Population, 26,000; important rail- 
way centre; medical mission work prominent. 

Panhala, 1877. Population, 3,000; 14 miles north 
of Kolhapur; 3,000 feet above sea. 

Ratnagiri, 1873. One-third Mohammedans; 
population, 15,000; 125 miles south from Bom- 
bay; on coast. 

Sangli, 1884, 
of Kolhapur. 


Population, 50,000; 30 miles east 


LIST OF STATION SCHOOLS 
in India Missions of Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. 


Theological Seminary at Saharanpur. 

Training School for Catechists at Farukhabad. 

Jane Cross Memorial Training Home at Dehra. 

Boarding High School for daughters of Missionaries and Eurasians at Woodstock. 

Forman Christian College at Lahore. 

Boys’ Boarding Schools at Lodiana and Sangli. 

Girls’ Boarding Schools at Allahabad, Dehra, Kolhapur and Lahore. 

Orphanage for Boys at Saharanpur. 

Orphanage for Girls at Hoshiarpur. 

Anglo-Vernacular Middle and High Schools for boys at Allahabad, Ambala, 
Dehra, Farukhabad, Jalandhar, Lahore and Lodiana. 

Vernacular Schools for boys and girls connected with each station. 


BOOKS FOR REFERENCE. 


The Indian Empire—W. W. Hunter. 

The Church Missionary Atlas. 

The Cross in the Land of the Trident—H. P. Beach. 
Indika—J. F. Hurst. 

Stanford’s Compendium of Geography—A. H. Keane. 
Census of India, 1891. 

History of Protestant Missions—M,. A. Sherring. 
Encyclopedia of Missions. 

Picturesque India—W. 8. Caine. 

Indian Missionary Manual. 

India—John L. Stoddard. 

Religions of India—A. Barth. 

Hinduism, Past and Present—J. Murray Mitchell. 
India, Past and Present—J. Samuelson. 

Oriental Religions and Christianity—F. F. Ellinwood. 
The Conversion of India—George Smith. 


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10 


LIST OF 


SOCIETIES 
AS COMMONLY DESIGNATED, WITH DATE WHEN MISSION WAS FOUNDED. 


A.1, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1813. 
B.1. American Baptist Missionary Union, 1840. 

B.4. Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Ontario and Quebec, 1877. 
(ya. Free Baptist Missionary Society (American), 1836. 

B.10. Baptist Missionary Society (British), 1793. 

B.12. Strict Baptist Missionary Society (British), 1866. 

Ba. Basle German Evangelical Missionary Society, 1884. 

C.2. Foreign Christian Missionary Society (American), 1882. 
C.M.S. Church Missionary Society (British), 1813. 

C.Z. Church of England Zenana Missionary Society, 1880. 

p.10. Danish Missionary Society, 1861. 

yl. Protestant Episcopal Church in the U.S. A., 1835. 

Feit: Friends’ Foreign Missionary Association (England), 1874. 

L. London Missionary Society, 1805. 

L.1. Evangelical Lutheran (General Synod), (American), 1842. 

L.3. Evangelical Lutheran Society (General Council), (American), 1869. 

L. Br. Breklum Missionary Society (German), 1882. 

L.&. German Evangelical Lutheran Mission (Gossner), 1848. 

L.H. Hermannsburg Lutheran Mission (German), 1866. 

L.L. Leipsic Evangelical Lutheran Mission, 1841. 

L.Sw. Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Mission, 1881. 

L.10. Mission to Lepers in India and the East, 1874. 

M.1. Methodist Episcopal Church (American), 1858. 

M.11. Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society (England), 1817. 
Mo. Moravian Society, 1856. 

P.1. Presbyterian Church, U.S. A., 1834. 

P.3. Presbyterian Church of Canada, 1875. 

ah Presbyterian Church of England, 1862. 

P12: Established Church of Scotland, 1828. 

P.13. Free Church of Scotland, 1828. 

P.14. Presbyterian Church of Ireland, 1841. 

P35. United Original Secession Church of Scotland, 1871. 

R.1. Reformed Church in America, 1857. 

R.5. Reformed Presbyterian (General Synod), (American), 1836. 
5. FE. Society for the Promotion of Female Education in the East (British), 1834. 
Sak. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (British). 1726. 
U.P .1. United Presbyterian Church in North America, 1855. 

U.P.11. United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, 1860. 

W.C. Welsh Calvanistic Methodist, 1841. 

W.U. Woman’s Union Missionary Society of America, 1863. 

Z. Zenana Bible and Medical Mission, 1852. 


Zenana Mission of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, 1880. 


Cambridge Mission (Delhi), 1852. 

Christian Disciples (Calcutta), 1849. 

Christian Woman’s Bible Mission (Baptist), 
(Bilaspur). 

Christo Somaj (Calcutta), 1887. 

Dent Mission (England), (Calcutta), 1858. 

Faith Mission (Basim, Akola), 1878. 

Independent Mission (Calcutta), 1886. 


Indian Home Missions(Rapt.), (Haripur), 1867. 

Kurku Mission (Betul), 1890. 

Oxford Mission (Calcutta), 1881, 

Punrutti Mission (Arcot). 

Society of St. John the Baptist (England), 
(Calcutta, Poona). 

Christian Vernacular Education Society. 

Bengal Evangelical Mission (Presbyterian), 
(Faridpur), 1874, 


ASSAM, 


B.1. Garo Hills, Goalpur, Kamrup, Lakhim- 
pur, Naga Hills, Nowgong, Sibsagar. 

P.13. Sylhet. 

S.P.G. Cachar, Darrang. 

W.C. Jaintia, Khasi Hills. 


BURMA. 


B.l. RANGOON, MANDALAY, Amherst, 
Bassein, Bhamo, Henzada, Meiktila, Mone, 
Myin-Gyan, Namkam, Pegu, Prome, Sa- 
gaing, Sandoway, Shwe-gyin Taung-ngu, 
vate Tharawadi, Thaton, Thayet-Myo, 


hibaw. 

L.10. MANDALAY. 

L.L. RANGOON. 

M.1. RANGOON. 

MANDALAY, Kyankse, Monywa, 

Pokokku. 

8.P. RANGOON, MANDALAY, Akyab, 
Amherst, Pyinmana, Shwebo, Thayet- 
Myo Toung-ngu. 


11 


BENGAL AND ORISSA. 


B.7. Midnapur, Nadiya. ORISSA, Balasar,. 

B.10. CALCUTTA, Bakarganj, Birbhum, 
Bogra, Chittagong, Dacca, Dinapur, Fa- 
ridpur, Howrah, Jessor, Khulna, Maldah, 
Monghyr, Patna, Purniah, Santal Parga- 
nas, Serampur. ORISSA (Cuttack, Puri). 

C.M.S. CALCUTTA, Bardwan, Bhagalpur, 
Nadiya, Santul Parganas Serampur. 

C.Z. CALCUTTA, SBardwan, Bhagalpur, 
Howrah, Maimansingh, Nadiya, 24 Par- 


anas. 

L. CALOUTTA, Murshidabad. 

L.10. CALCUTTA, Bardwan, Bhagalpur, 
Darjiling Lohardaga, Manbhum, Rani- 


ganj. 

L.G. Hazaribagh, Lohardaga, Manbhum, 
Muzaffarpur, Singhbhum. } 

M.1. CALCUTTA, Bardwan, Tirhut. 

M.11. CALCUTTA, Bankura, Maimansingh, 
24 Parganas. 

P.11. Rajshahi. 


P.12. CALCUTTA, Darjiling, Kalinipong. 

P.13. CALCUTTA, Bardwan, Hazaribagh, 
Hugli, Monghyr. 

R.5. Midnap EDS 

S.P.G. CALCUTTA, Faridpur, Hazaribagh, 
Howrah, Khulna. Lohardaga, Manbhum, 
Singhbhum, Sunderbans. 

W.U. CALCUTTA. 

Z. Patna. ORISSA, Balasar. 


CALCUTTA. Additional Societies. Chris- 
tian Disciples, Christo Somaj, Dent Mis- 
sion, Independent Mission, Oxford Mis- 
sion, Society of St. John the Baptist. 


NORTHWEST PROVINCES AND OUDH. 


B10. Agra, Allahabad, Ghazipur, Muttra. 

C.M.S. Agra, Aligarh, Allahabad, Benares, 
Dehra Dun, Faizabad, Gonda, Gorakhpur, 
Lucknow, Meerut, Muttra. 

L. Almora, Benares, Kumaun, Lalitpur, Mir- 


zapur. 

L.10. Allahabad, Almora, Dehra Dun, Ka 
Kamaun, Muzaffarnagar, Rohilkhand, 
Saharanpur. 

L.G. Ghazipur, 

M.1. Agra, Allahabad, Bareilly, Buland- 


shahr, Cawnpur, Dehra Dun, Etah, Faiza- 
bad, Hardoi, Kumaun, Lucknow, Meerut, 
Moradabad, Pilibhit, Rohilkhand, Sitapur, 
Uano. 

M.11. Bareilly, Benares, Faizabad, Lucknow. 


P.1, Allahabad, Etawah, Fatigarh, Fatipur, 
Jhansi, Mainpuri 

R.5. Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Rohilkhand, 
Saharanpur. 

S.F.E. Agra, 

S bP. Banda, Cawnpur, Saharanpur. 


W.U. Allahabad, Cawnpur, Naini Tal. 

Z. Allahabad, Aligarh, Almora, Benares, 
Faizabad, Ghazipur, Gorakhpur, Jaunpur, 
Lucknow, Sultanpur. 


PUNJAB. 


B.10. Delhi, Gurgaon, Simla. 

C.M.S. LAHORE, Amritsar, Bannu, Dera, 
Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Gurdas- 
pur, Jehlam, Kangra, Multan, Peshawar. 

C.Z. Amritsar, Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Is- 
mail Khan, Fathgahr, Gurdaspur, Pesha- 
war. 

L.10. Ambala, Amritsar, Chamba, Kangra, 
Rawal Pindi, Sialkot, Simla. 


M11. Ambala, Rawal Pindi. 

Mo. Kangra. 

v1. LAHORE, Ambala, Dehra Dun, Firoz- 
pur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, 


Saharanpur, Simla. 

P.12. Chamba, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Jammu, 
Sialkot. 

R.5. Gujranwala, Patiala. 

S.F.E. Ludhiana, Multan. 

S.P. Delhi, Gurgaon, Hissar, Karnal, Roh- 
tak, Simla. 

U.P.1. Gujranwala, Gurdaspur, 
Jhang, Rawal Pindi, Sialkot. 

Z. LAHORE, Sialkot. 


KASHMIR. 


Srinagar. 
Kashmir. 
Kyelang, Ladakh, Leh, Poo, 


RAJPUTANA, AJMERE, INDORE, 
GWALIOR. 


-M.S. Udaipur. 

-10. Ajmere, Bhopal. 

-1. GWALIOR (Morar). 

.3. Dhar, Gtealie (Nimach), Indore, Mhow, 
Ratlam. 

S.P. Ajmere. 

U.P.11. Ajmere, Alwar, Jaipur, Jodhpur, 

Kotah, Merwara, Udaipur. 


CENTRAL PROVINCES. 


Sampalpur. 

2. Bilaspur, Damoh, Harda. 
C.M.S. Jabalpur, Mandla. 
F.11. Bhopal, Hoshangabad. 


Jehlam, 


C.M.S. 
C.Z. 
Mo. 


eS 


X 


B 10. 
Cc 


L.10. Hoshangabad, Mandla, Wardha. 
L Sw. Narsingpur, Sagar. 
M.1. Berar, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Nagpur, 


Nimar. 
P.13. Amraoti, Bhandara, Nagpoor, Wardha. 


BOMBAY AND SIND. 


A.1. BOMBAY, Ahmednagar, Kathiawar, 
Poona, Satara, Sholapur. 

B.10. BOMBAY. 

Ba. Bijapur, Dharwar, North Kanara. 

C.M.S. BOMBAY, Nasik, Poona. 
Haidarabad, Karachi, Shikarpur. 

L. Belgaum. 

L.10. Kolaba. 

M.1. BOMBAY, Baroda, Gujarat, Nasik, 
Panch Mahals, Poona. SIND, Karachi. 

M.11. BOMBAY, Jabulpur. 

P.1. Kohlapur. Miraj, Ratnagiri, Sangli. 

P.13. BOMBAY, Jalna, Konkan, Poona 


SIND, 


P.14. Ahmedabad, Broach, Kaira, Kathia- 
war, Palanpur, Surat. 
S.P. BOMBAY, Abmednagar, Dharwar, 


Kohlapur, Ratnagiri. 


Z. BOMBAY, Ahmednagar, Nasik, Poona, 
Ratnagiri, ‘Sholapur. 
HAIDARABAD. 
Ba. Indore. 
B.1. Kamamet, Nalgonda, Secunderabad. 


C.M.S. Aurangabad, Kamamet. 


C.Z. Kamamet. 

M.1. HAIDARABAD, Bidar. 

awa HAIDARABAD, Medak, Secundera- 

ad. 

S.P. Bolarum, Secunderabad. 

Z. Aurangabad, Bidar. 

MADRAS. 

A.I. Madura, Arrupkottai, Battalagundu, 
Dindigul, Manamadura, Melur, Palani, 
Pasumalai, Periakulam, Tirumangalam, 
Tirupuvanam. 

B.1. MADRAS, Coimbatore, Ganjam, Kar- 


nal, Kistna, Nellore. 

B.4. Godavari, Vizagapatam. 

B.10. Ganjam. 

B.12. MADRAS, Chengalpat, Tinnevelli. 

Ba. Malabar, Nilgiri. 

C.M.S. MADRAS, Godavari, Kistna, Mala- 
bar, Nilgiri, Tinnevelli. 

C.Z. MADRAS, Coimbatore, Godavari, Kist- 
na, Nilgiri, Tinnevelli. 

D.10. Chengalpat, 

L. MADRAS, Anantapur, Bellary, Coimba- 
tore, Cuddapah, Vizagapatam. 

L.1. Kistna, Nellore. 

L.3. Godavari. 

L.10. MADRAS, Malabar, South Kanara. 

L.B. Vizagapatam. 

LH. Cuddapah, Nellore, North Arcot. 

L.L. MADRAS, Chengalpat, Coimbatore, 
Madura, Pudukottai, South Arcot, Tan- 
jore, Trichinopoli. 

M.1. MADRAS, Salem. 

M.11. MADRAS, Chengalpat, 
Tanjore, Trichinopoli. 

P.12. MADRAS, North Arcot. 

P.13. MADRAS. Chengalpat, Nellore. 

R.1t. Cuddapah, North Arcot, South Arcot. 

S.F.E. MADRAS, Coimbatore, Nilgiri. 

S.P. MADRAS, Bellary, Coimbatore, Karnal, 
Madura, Pudukattai, Salem, South Arcot, 
Tanjore, oie y aa Trichinopoli. 


Coimbatore, 


Z. Bellary. 
MYSORE. 
Bangalore -B.1., B. 12, C. Z., L. (and Kolar), 
Tie Teg VCaL (Kolar), Soe M li (and Hassan, 


Kadur, Mysore, Shimoga Tumkur). 


TRAVANCORE, COCHIN, COORG. 
Ba. COORG, Merkara. 


C.M.S. Allepi, Kotayum, Tiruvella. CO- 
CHIN, Trichur. 

C.Z. Mavelicara, Trivandrum. COCHIN, 
Trichur. 

L. Nagercoil, Trivandrum, Quilon. 


L.10. Trivandrum. 


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